Virtual Physiology

the unique truly simulation software

physiology and pharmacology experiments
in virtual laboratories
almost like in the real world
- Perfect for online teaching and remote learning -

The Balthazar 400, named after the titular character, a donkey, tells the story of a rural French community through the eyes of this gentle creature. The film follows Balthazar, a donkey born on a farm, as he is passed from owner to owner, witnessing the lives and struggles of those around him. Through Balthazar's journey, Bresson masterfully explores themes of faith, redemption, and the human condition.

The internet has made it possible for film enthusiasts to access a vast array of Balthazar 400 videos, offering insights into the film's making, its themes, and its enduring legacy. These videos provide a unique opportunity for viewers to engage with the film on a deeper level, exploring its symbolism, cinematography, and historical context.

The Balthazar 400, a cinematic masterpiece directed by Robert Bresson, has been a cornerstone of French cinema since its release in 1966. The film, also known as "Au Hasard Balthazar," has been captivating audiences with its poignant and powerful storytelling, earning it a place among the greatest films of all time. In this article, we'll explore the significance of Balthazar 400 videos, delving into the film's history, themes, and enduring impact on the world of cinema.

The Balthazar 400 has had a lasting impact on the world of cinema, influencing filmmakers and inspiring new generations of artists. The film's innovative cinematography, use of non-professional actors, and exploration of themes have made it a landmark of French New Wave cinema.

The Balthazar 400 is a film that continues to captivate audiences with its timeless themes, stunning cinematography, and poignant storytelling. Through the numerous Balthazar 400 videos available online, viewers can engage with the film on a deeper level, exploring its history, symbolism, and enduring legacy. As a landmark of French cinema, the Balthazar 400 remains a must-see for film enthusiasts and a powerful reminder of the art of storytelling.

Balthazar 400 Videos ~upd~ May 2026

running on all Windows platforms,
from Win 7 to Win 11, 32 bit as well as 64 bit versions
without any specific requirements (see Technical Specifications)

including platform-independent Online Versions
for experiments via the Virtual Physiology server
existing so far for SimHeart and SimVessel
with beta-versions of SimMuscle and SimNeuron

SimHeart©

SimHeart offers a virtual laboratory for recordings of heart contractions in the Langendorff set-up in response on the most relevant transmitters and drugs, including a drug laboratory for the adjustment of the appropriate solutions.

Featured experiments:

Effects of Adrenaline and Acetylcholine on frequency and amplitude of heart contractions (inotroph and chronotroph effects)
Effects of competitive receptor blockers Propranolol and Atropine
Aadrenaline dose-response curve and its shift by the ß-blocker Propranolol (competitive inhibition)
Comparison with non-competitive inhibition by the Ca²⁺-channel blocker Verapamil
Strengthening of the contractions by the heart-glycoside g-Strophantine
Induction and treatment of arrhythmias and heart blocks in systole and diastole

for details see Tutorial and Protocol form

download a fully functioning DEMO Version

SimVessel©

SimVessel offers a virtual laboratory for the examination of smooth muscle contractions of vessels and the intestine.
The experiments can be done with muscle stripes, placed in an organ bath to which physiologically relevant signal substances and widely used drugs can be added. Preparing the appropriate dilutions can be trained, as in SimHeart, in a drug laboratory.

Featured experiments:

Comparison of phasic and tonic smooth muscle contractions.
Illustrating the effects of muscle stretching (Bayliss effect)
Demonstrating opposite reactions of vessels and intestine on Adrenaline and Acetylcholine
Examining the effects of the cholinergic receptor antagonist Atropine
Comparing the effects of adrenergic α- and β-receptor antagonists (Phentolamine and Propranolol)
Illustrating the effects of the Ca²⁺-channel blocker Verapamil
Recording of dose-response curves of Adrenaline and Acetylcholine
Demonstrating alterations of dose-response curves by competitive and non-competitive inhibitors

for details see Tutorial and Protocol form

download a fully functioning DEMO Version

SimMuscle©

SimMuscle offers a fully equipped, realistically appearing laboratory on the computer screen to perform classical experiments with isolated nerve-muscle preparations of the frog.

All stimulation and recording parameters of the virtual devices are freely adjustable. Mathematical algorithms guarantee for the appropriated reactions of the virtual muscle, also considering the biological diversity of the preparations.

The virtual “SimMuscle” laboratory contains two nerve-muscle preparations and all the apparatus that you will need for experimentation in a simplified but quite realistic form.

When entering the lab you first need to switch on all the devices (POWER buttons). Then drag one of two already prepared nerve-muscle preparations from the Petri-dish to hang it in the suspension apparatus. This includes a mechano-electrical converter transforming changes of either the muscle force or muscle length, selectable by a toggle switch, into an electric potential. You can pre-stretch the muscle hanging one or more weights in the loop at which the muscle is fixed.

Muscle contractions are induced by current pulses delivered from a stimulation apparatus to the electrodes on which the nerve is placed. Stimuli as well as muscle contractions are displayed on a dual beam storage oscilloscope, appropriately displayed with accordingly adjusted voltage amplification and time base (via the rotary switches) and zero lines. Single or double pulses as well as trains of stimuli of selectable amplitude and intervals can be applied.

The example shows muscle contractions, here changes of the muscle length, in response to different trains of voltage pulses inducing isolated twitches, incomplete and complete tetanic contractions depending on the intervals in which the pulses are applied.

Featured experiments:

Single twitches and their stimulus dependencies (recruitement of motor units)
Superposition of single twitches, tetanic contractions, resting tension curves (pre-stretching)
Curves of isometric and isotonic maxima, muscle fatigue

for details see Tutorial and Protocol form

For your own experiments you can download
a fully functioning DEMO Version

Balthazar 400 Videos ~upd~ May 2026

SimNeuron©

SimNeuron offers virtual laboratories for voltage- and current-clamp experiments in an easy to overlook lab design

towards a better understanding of the relations between ion currents and action potential generation
including a neuron editor showing the full set of the neuron parameters

Featured experiments:

Determine the threshold of action potential generation in thecurrent-clamp lab
Examine the effects of amplitude and duration of the current stimulus
Induction of a series of action potentials of different frequencies
Comparison of action potentials with local potentials and purely passive potential changes
Understanding the effects of the Na-channel blocker TTX and K⁺-channel blocker TEA
Display and explain the alterations of ionic conductances and currents during an action potential

Recordings of ion currents in the voltage-clamp lab with and without RC compensation
Application of the Na⁺-channel blocker TTX and K⁺-channel blocker TEA
Estimation of the activation (and inactivation) time constants
Determining the reversal potentials of Na⁺- and K⁺-currents. (tail currents)
Constructing current-voltage (I-V) curves and calculation of the voltage dependencies of ion channel activation

for details see Tutorial and Protocol form
balthazar 400 videos

download a fully functioning DEMO Version

For the experts:

Use the Neuron Editor to examine the effects of different membrane parameters on the neuron’s sensitivity, e.g. with alterations of voltage- and time-dependencies of ion current activation and inactivation, leak conductances, ion concentrations, etc.
Examine how a neuron at constant resting potential can be transferred into a pacemaker neuron.

Pre-Settings:

In fully licensed versions there is the possibility to select to which specific features of the program the students shall have access. This can be done in so-called pre-settings window which you can open from the labs via the SETTINGS button in the switch bank. In demo versions the pre-settings are fixed with most functions enabled. The Balthazar 400, named after the titular character,